Projection Manipulation Tools

Modify projection parameters without resampling image data

Tools for changing projection parameters (center longitude, standard parallel) without resampling, preserving original pixel values while updating geospatial registration.

Overview

These utilities modify the geospatial metadata and registration of equirectangular (and similar cylindrical) projections without resampling image data. This approach:

• ✅ Preserves original pixel values exactly
• ✅ Avoids interpolation artifacts
• ✅ Executes rapidly (no pixel processing)
• ⚠️ Only works for specific projection types

These tools should only be used with Simple Cylindrical, Equirectangular, and possibly Mercator projections. Using them with other projections will produce geometrically incorrect results.

NewCenterLon_Equi.py

Changes the center longitude (central meridian) without reprojecting.

Usage

-of · string · default: "GTiff"

Output format (GDAL driver name: GTiff, HFA, ISIS3, etc.)

-clon · float · required

New center longitude value in decimal degrees

infile · string · required

Path to input raster file

outfile · string · required

Path to output raster file

Syntax:

python NewCenterLon_Equi.py [-of format] -clon newClon infile outfile

Examples

Change to 0° Center

python NewCenterLon_Equi.py -clon 0 global_180.tif global_0.tif

python NewCenterLon_Equi.py -clon 180 global_0.tif global_180.tif

python NewCenterLon_Equi.py -of HFA -clon 90 input.tif output.img

python NewCenterLon_Equi.py -clon 0 -of ISIS3 mars_global_clon180.cub mars_global_clon0.cub

How It Works

1. Read projection information

   Extract the current spatial reference system and geotransformation matrix

2. Calculate longitude offset

   Determine the shift in X coordinates based on center longitude change:

   delta_clon = new_clon - old_clon
   
3. Update geotransform

   Modify the X origin in the geotransformation matrix without touching pixel data

4. Update projection WKT

   Change the central_meridian parameter in the projection definition

5. Write output

   Copy pixel data unchanged, apply new geotransform and projection

Use Cases

Global Map Conventions

Convert between -180° to 180° and 0° to 360° longitude systems

Seam Repositioning

Move the map edge seam to a different longitude

Regional Centering

Center the map on a specific feature or region of interest

Multi-Body Data

Standardize center longitude across planetary datasets

NewStandardPar_Equi.py

Changes the standard parallel (latitude of true scale) without reprojecting.

Usage

-of · string · default: "GTiff"

Output format (GDAL driver name)

-clat · float · required

New standard parallel latitude in decimal degrees

infile · string · required

Path to input raster file

outfile · string · required

Path to output raster file

Syntax:

python NewStandardPar_Equi.py [-of format] -clat newClat infile outfile

Examples

Mid-Latitude Standard Parallel

python NewStandardPar_Equi.py -clat 45 equator_scale.tif midlat_scale.tif

python NewStandardPar_Equi.py -clat 0 polar_scale.tif equator_scale.tif

python NewStandardPar_Equi.py -clat 30 -of ISIS3 input.cub output.cub

How It Works

1. Calculate scale factor

   Determine how X pixel spacing changes with new latitude of true scale:

   scale_factor = cos(new_clat) / cos(old_clat)
   
2. Adjust X resolution

   Modify geotransform X pixel size while keeping Y resolution constant

3. Update projection definition

   Change standard_parallel_1 or latitude_of_origin parameter

4. Write output

   Copy pixel data with updated geotransform (rectangular pixels possible)

Result: The output may have rectangular pixels (different X and Y resolution) because only the X spacing is scaled.

Use Cases

Split Global Mosaics

Prepare latitude bands with appropriate scale for each zone

Regional Processing

Optimize scale distortion for specific latitude ranges

Conformality Adjustment

Match scale characteristics to analysis requirements

Legacy Data Correction

Update old maps with incorrect standard parallel metadata

Example Workflow: Global Lunar Split

The repository includes an example for splitting a global lunar map into 5-degree latitude bands:

Files:

• global_lunar_split_example/NewStandardPar_Equi.py
• global_lunar_split_example/split_equi_5deg_lat_bands.py

Process:

1. Split into latitude bands

   Use gdal_translate to extract 5° latitude strips

2. Adjust standard parallel

   Apply NewStandardPar_Equi.py with the central latitude of each band

3. Result

   Each band has minimal scale distortion at its central latitude

Technical Background

Equirectangular Projection

Also known as Plate Carrée or Simple Cylindrical, this projection maps:

X = R * (λ - λ₀) * cos(φ₁)
Y = R * φ

Where:

• λ = longitude
• λ₀ = center longitude (central meridian)
• φ = latitude
• φ₁ = standard parallel (latitude of true scale)
• R = radius of the sphere/ellipsoid

Why No Resampling Works

Mathematical Explanation

Equirectangular projection has a linear relationship between pixel coordinates and ground coordinates. Changing the center longitude simply shifts all X coordinates by a constant amount:

X_new = X_old + ΔX
where ΔX = R * Δλ₀ * cos(φ₁)

Similarly, changing standard parallel scales X coordinates uniformly:

X_new = X_old * (cos(φ₁_new) / cos(φ₁_old))

Because the pixel grid doesn’t need to be warped or rotated, we can simply update the geotransformation coefficients.

Geotransformation Update

Standard GDAL geotransform:

geomatrix = [
    ulx,    # [0] Upper-left X coordinate
    xres,   # [1] X pixel resolution  
    0,      # [2] X rotation (typically 0)
    uly,    # [3] Upper-left Y coordinate
    0,      # [4] Y rotation (typically 0)
    yres    # [5] Y pixel resolution (negative for north-up)
]

Center longitude change: Modify geomatrix[0] (ulx)
Standard parallel change: Modify geomatrix[1] (xres)

Requirements

Python Installation

pip install gdal

python -c "from osgeo import gdal; print(gdal.__version__)"

Both scripts support:

• Modern GDAL Python bindings: from osgeo import gdal
• Legacy bindings: import gdal

Supported Output Formats

Common GDAL format codes for -of parameter:

GTiff

GeoTIFF (default)

HFA

Erdas Imagine .img

ISIS3

USGS ISIS3 cube

ENVI

ENVI .dat + .hdr

AAIGrid

Arc/Info ASCII Grid

JPEG

JPEG (loses georeferencing)

See gdal_translate --formats for full list.

Validation

After running these scripts, verify the output:

1. Check projection parameters

   gdalinfo output.tif | grep -A 10 "Coordinate System"
   
2. Verify corner coordinates

   gdalinfo output.tif | grep -A 4 "Corner Coordinates"
   
3. Test coordinate transformation

   Use gdallocationinfo to verify pixel-to-ground coordinate mapping

4. Visual inspection

   Open in QGIS or other GIS software with graticule overlay

Credits

Author: Trent Hare, USGS
Based on: tolatlong.py by Andrey Kiselev ([e-mail])
Project: Lunar Mapping and Modeling Project (LMMP)

These scripts were developed for planetary mapping workflows but work equally well for terrestrial data in appropriate projections.